[85][86] The emerging urbanisation gave rise to non-Vedic religious movements, two of which became independent religions. Keep in mind that many names may have different meanings in other countries and languages, so be careful that the name that you choose doesn’t mean something bad or unpleasant. Prior to 1947, India was a police state, primarily interested in strengthening its own domination. India adopted its current national flag on July 22, 1947, as the country was about the gain independence from Britain on August 15, 1947. [126], By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the English East India Company, had established coastal outposts. The underlying meaning of our National Anthem is pluralism. [201] These include the endangered Bengal tiger and the Ganges river dolphin. [103] During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes. In his later works, Muller was careful to note that he thought that Aryan was a linguistic rather than a racial category. [312], The Indian automotive industry, the world's second-fastest growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–2010,[313] and exports by 36% during 2008–2009. Since then, satellite channels have increasingly shaped the popular culture of Indian society. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. [368] Across the north, this became rather stiff and formulaic after about 800 CE, though rich with finely carved detail in the surrounds of statues. The improvement in the rural literacy rate is twice that of urban areas. A 2010 map showing India's forest cover averaged out for each state. [323] The proportion decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005. [344] Yet, in 2001, over 70% still lived in rural areas. [454] Rice grown to the southwest of the Mughal capital, Agra, which had become famous in the Islamic world for its fine grain, was partially cooked and layered alternately with the sauteed meat, the pot sealed tightly, and slow cooked according to another Persian cooking technique, to produce what has today become the Indian biryani,[454] a feature of festive dining in many parts of India. Proclaiming a unitary state and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest. [408] An overwhelming majority of Indians, with their consent, have their marriages arranged by their parents or other family elders. [451] Unlike China, which has increased its per capita meat consumption substantially in its years of increased economic growth, in India the strong dietary traditions have contributed to dairy, rather than meat, becoming the preferred form of animal protein consumption accompanying higher economic growth. b : a person of Indian descent. eventually establishing the Delhi Sultanate, and drawing northern India into the cosmopolitan networks of medieval Islam. [102] This renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found patrons among an urban elite. [50] During the 1950s and 60s, India played a pivotal role in the, Clockwise from top: (a) A farmer in northwestern. [249] Major industries include: textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software. A tea garden in Sikkim. No doubt the style of these was used in larger paintings. [72][73][74] [385][386][387] In Tamil literature, the Sangam literature ( c. 600 BCE – c. 300 BCE) consisting of 2,381 poems, composed by 473 poets, is the earliest work. The Etymology of the term “India”. India Name Meaning. [173][174] Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;[175] and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea. Major international sporting events held annually in India include the Chennai Open, the Mumbai Marathon, the Delhi Half Marathon, and the Indian Masters. Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east. [301] Though ranking 51st in global competitiveness, as of 2010[update], India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies. [55] Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago. [270] India subsequently signed co-operation agreements involving civilian nuclear energy with Russia,[271] France,[272] the United Kingdom,[273] and Canada. The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern and western regions. Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire. Other forms of traditional apparel that involve no stitching or tailoring are the chaddar (a shawl worn by both sexes to cover the upper body during colder weather, or a large veil worn by women for framing the head, or covering it) and the pagri (a turban or a scarf worn around the head as a part of a tradition, or to keep off the sun or the cold). Some of the earliest forms of Asian martial arts, such as Kalarippayattu, musti yuddha, silambam, and marma adi, originated in India. [309], According to the Worldwide Cost of Living Report 2017 released by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) which was created by comparing more than 400 individual prices across 160 products and services, four of the cheapest cities were in India: Bangalore (3rd), Mumbai (5th), Chennai (5th) and New Delhi (8th). [52] It has a space programme which includes several planned or completed extraterrestrial missions. Post independence there was a change in the philosophy of Indian Constitution. [19] However, it has remained lower than those of other Asian developing countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity. [169], India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains. [121] Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status. [342] There are around 50 physicians per 100,000 Indians. [87] Buddhism, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class; chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India. c.400-300 BCE Hodu Book of Esther (Bible) [149], After World War I, in which approximately one million Indians served,[151] a new period began. A modern rendering of the historical name Bharatavarsha, which applied originally to a region of the Gangetic Valley,[66][67] Bharat gained increased currency from the mid-19th century as a native name for India. [397] India has a theatre training institute the National School of Drama (NSD) that is situated at New Delhi It is an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. [218], A two-year period of political turmoil followed the general election of 1996. [413] Accord to an Indian government study, an additional 21 million girls are unwanted and do not receive adequate care. Choose the best definition or synonym for the word in bold: "There are some. Many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period. The ancient Greeksreferre… An example of this dominance is the basketball competition where the Indian team won three out of four tournaments to date. The Indian film industry produces the world's most-watched cinema. [438], A kurta, which traces its roots to Central Asian nomadic tunics, has evolved stylistically in India as a garment for everyday wear as well as for formal occasions. The Meaning of India: Essays Raja Rao No preview available - 2020. [163] Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that rapidly filled with river-borne sediment[164] and now constitutes the Indo-Gangetic Plain. [469] India has traditionally been the dominant country at the South Asian Games. Primary schools taught literacy, so local diversity limited its growth. [377] Vernacular architecture is also regional in its flavours. [347] According to the 2011 census, there are 53 million-plus urban agglomerations in India; among them Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad, in decreasing order by population. [54] In 1921 the rates 7%, 12% and 2%. Family values are important in the Indian tradition, and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm in India, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas. Taken from the name of the subcontinent, India seems to have originally been bestowed in reference to familial ties with, and affection for, the country. [460], The improved results garnered by the Indian Davis Cup team and other Indian tennis players in the early 2010s have made tennis increasingly popular in the country. According to this evidence the treatment meted out to untouchables such as the Chandalas was very similar to that which they experienced in later periods. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has signed neither the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty nor the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, considering both to be flawed and discriminatory. After the 1965 war with Pakistan, India began to pursue close military and economic ties with the Soviet Union; by the late 1960s, the Soviet Union was its largest arms supplier. [414] Despite a government ban on sex-selective foeticide, the practice remains commonplace in India, the result of a preference for boys in a patriarchal society. The nation has provided 100,000 military and police personnel to serve in 35 UN peacekeeping operations across four continents. [259][260], China's nuclear test of 1964, as well as its repeated threats to intervene in support of Pakistan in the 1965 war, convinced India to develop nuclear weapons. [105] The caste system consequently began to show regional differences. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture. [401], Television broadcasting began in India in 1959 as a state-run medium of communication and expanded slowly for more than two decades. [h][43] [347] Kerala is the most literate state with 93.91% literacy; while Bihar the least with 63.82%.[349]. The name is derived from “Bindu”, a Sanskrit word for “point” or “dot” and is usually red in color made with vermillion powder which is worn by women between their eyebrows on the forehead. [440] The traditional shalwar kameez is rarely worn by younger women, who favour churidars or jeans. [263] India maintains a "no first use" nuclear policy and is developing a nuclear triad capability as a part of its "Minimum Credible Deterrence" doctrine. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it received waivers from the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, ending earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce. 20 Names Similar to India. Test your visual vocabulary with our 10-question challenge! [160] It has unresolved territorial disputes with China[161] and with Pakistan. [281] Much of the military expenditure was focused on defence against Pakistan and countering growing Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society. This surname of Indian origin was first ascribed to leaders or chiefs and there are now many variations of Patel that carry similar meaning. 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