The United Iraqi Alliance, the winner of the recent elections in Iraq, is a coalition including many religious parties. opinion of Iranians. Regimes are classed as either 'free, partly free or not free'.[20]. However, some elections in Iran, as the election of city councils satisfies free and democratic election criteria to some extent. On a scale of democratization established by Transparency International, Iraq and Afghanistan are two of the worst-ranked countries in the world, surpassed in corruption by only Myanmar and Somalia. [35] The Lebanese constitution, doctored in 1926, was based on the French constitution and guaranteed liberty and equality for all its citizens. 3 years ago. [45], Other analysts believe that the failure of democratization results from the power of the state. Lebanon has traditionally enjoyed a confessional democratic system. endobj 19 0 obj Practice. "[42] Schnabel argues that democratization in the Middle East must come from both below and above, given that pressure from below will be pointless if the political leadership is opposed to reform, while top-down reform (which has been the norm in the Middle East) is not a fruitful endeavor if the political culture in society is not developed. Yet Middle Eastern history also includes significant episodes of conflict between rulers and proponents of change.[30]. Save. A form of government in which God is recognized as the supreme civil ruler but God's laws are interpreted by religious authorities . <> The Middle East Governments 2. In other words, the U.S. government should pursue reform and democratization as policy goals in the first instance without worrying excessively about tradeoffs with other goals. <> After Khomeini's death, the Assembly of Experts (which is made of Islamic scholars elected by direct vote) appointed Ali Khamenei as the new Supreme Leader. The constitution was modeled on the 1958 constitution of the French Fifth Republic by the Assembly of Experts for Constitution (who were elected by direct popular vote) and Khomeini made himself the new Supreme Leader of Iran. Explain your answer. Research confirms that (in general) people in Islamic societies support democracy.[39][40]. Parliamentary Democracy. PLAY. Most Middle East and North African (MENA) countries are considered highly corrupt, but local understandings of acceptable practices and privileges muddy the understanding of what counts. x�mR�n�0��?��)PE�dJ��f��v�P�H��"�bc���T;��O&�!�3$�w�������.���[(��1d� ֠��e�ϰ)�u�1�����Y����tPK@��ve ���Z���P�ƺH��Ns[�����(��\��ǔY���4@ 9$/�h�6����ո�Ʈ��P? A theocracy is a type of government where the religious leader is also the political leader. by jeanoke. While such regimes have fallen throughout sub-Saharan Africa, for example, they have persisted in the Middle East. stream Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as Egypt's first president to gain power through an election on 30 June 2012; however, after protests against him in June 2013, as well as a 48-hour deadline by the Egyptian Armed Forces to respond to the protesters' demands that he did not comply with, Morsi was removed from office in July 2013. The report even states that this pattern may be counter-productive to US interests, with Islamism being the only viable opposition to regimes in many Middle Eastern countries. The Justice and Development Party is a moderate democratic Islamist party that has come to power in traditionally secular Turkey. Created by. "[15] The U.S. pressure behind the calling of the 2006 Palestinian legislative election backfired, resulting in the democratically sound victory of Hamas, rather than the US-supported Fatah. Live Game Live. endobj Edit. Test. "MENA DEVELOPMENT REPORT">MENA DEVELOPMENT REPORT, "Better Governance for Development in the Middle East and North Africa"The World bank, Washington, D.C. 2003, p. 45. Live Game Live. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, American democracy promotion in the Middle East and North Africa, Watson Institute for International Studies, United States foreign policy in the Middle East, "Freedom House Report: Asia Sees Some Significant Progress", "FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Year Ended June 30, 2016 AND INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT", "Episode 25: The Banality of CIA-Curated Definitions of 'Democracy, "Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll", "Why Was Tunisia the Only Arab Spring Country That Turned Out Well? <>>> Which type of government would least likely allow its citizens a voice in government? Tunisia and Egypt have held elections that were considered fair by observers. [29] Yemen, Lebanon and the Palestinian Authority, while also partly accepting this ideology, are generally considered more democratic than other states that do so, but the power of institutions in the latter two are limited by the domination of Syria and Israel, respectively. endobj until the Constitutional Revolution in the early 20th century. Name The Type Of Governments That Exist In The Middle East 18 Questions | By Bbob1988 | Last updated: Jan 7, 2013 | Total Attempts: 431 Questions All questions 5 questions 6 questions 7 questions 8 questions 9 questions 10 questions 11 questions 12 questions 13 questions 14 questions 15 questions 16 questions 17 questions 18 questions The highest governmental official of Iran is known as the Supreme Leader. Libya was brought into a 6-month civil war which brought about the end of Gaddafi's 41-year rule. 84% average accuracy. Democracy Rating A map of the world showing … The Cold War made the United States and other western democracies look the other way when it came to political oppression and allowed them to deal with tyrants and dictators. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, many of the empire's former territories fell under the rule of European countries under League of Nations mandates. [18], Sociologist Amitai Etzioni has pointed out that the prerequisite sociological conditions for the establishment of liberal democracies were not present in Iraq and Afghanistan when the United States attempted to engage in nation-building.[19]. 69% average accuracy. Theories are diverse on the subject. a year ago. The power of the Supreme Leader under Iran's constitution is almost unlimited and unrestricted in practice. endobj Kuwait is among the Middle East’s freest countries in terms of civil liberties and political rights, and Kuwaiti women are among the most emancipated in the Middle East. Thus, European powers were instrumental in establishing the first independent governments that emerged from the Ottoman Empire. education in mother language for language minorities) have not been applied at all. Role of citizen is to obey the king. Amin saikal and Albrecht Schnabel, "Democratization in the Middle East" United Nations University Press New York, 2003, p. 70. Social Studies. Research suggests that conflict involvement has a direct influence on the country's prospects for democratization.[48]. Overview of the role and situation of democracy in the Middle East and North Africa, Public opinion of Iranians regarding the political system of 2011–2012, The state, democratization and the Middle East. endobj 11 0 obj endstream One of the main problems of Iran's system is the consolidation of too much power in the hands of the Supreme Leader who is elected by the Assembly of Experts for life (unless the Assembly of Experts decides to remove him, which has never happened). <> Other explanations include the problem that most of the states in the region are rentier states, which experience the theorized resource curse. <>>> A prominent figure in this movement is Saad Eddin Ibrahim who advocates and campaigns for democracy in Egypt and the wider region, working with the Ibn Khaldun Centre for Development Studies[21] and serving on the Board of Advisors for the Project on Middle East Democracy. <> Study Flashcards On Types of Government - Middle East at Cram.com. Solo Practice. Played 120 times. Pratt, N. (2007),"Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Arab World": London: Michele Dunne, "Integrating Democracy Promotion into U.S. Middle East Policy", Carnegie Paper No. The Arab Spring in 2011 sparked a series of protests and calls for democratization which opened the possibility of escaping this cycle of authoritarian rule. Homework . Autocratic 2. <> The below table summarizes the findings of the 2010 - 2015 Freedom in the World report on the countries of the Middle East and North Africa. [22], The Middle East Forum, a think tank based in Philadelphia, recently published their table for measurement of democracy within Middle Eastern states. In a unitary system, local governments such as state or county systems may have some power, but they are under the control of the central government. [46] Poverty, inequality, and low literacy rates also compromise people's commitment to democratic reforms since survival becomes a higher priority. Cash crops have included grain, silk, and cotton. 7th grade . 2 0 obj ���Y�\!`"i�=��ӈXr>TN,��F�9Ո7������ՠ��(U���p�P(n�uC�z~��(&�)z꠶�_Y��;�}����Y�D`(���cF��¨�#�HN��W�`����['���$�B�U���?�o��9j [7] Though the actual term “feudalism” was not used during the Middle Ages, what we now recognize as a feudalist system of government was in control in Medieval Europe. by rebecca_harrington. However, critics of these theories observe that some countries which experience many of these democracy-inhibiting factors are successful in their quest for democratization. The Middle East is a notoriously unforgiving place, a quality that is nowhere more apparent than in how it executes prisoners. g����(PB)e��"NAI Also, the fourth unchangeable article of constitution states that all other articles of the constitution and all other laws are void if they violate Islamic rules, and the Guardian Council is given the duty of interpreting the constitution and verifying that all laws passed the parliament are not against Islamic laws. The Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware were founded in the early to late 1600s depending on the colony. Authoritarianism has been exceptionally robust in the MENA region because many of the states have proven willing and able to crush reform initiatives. <> Another main problem is the closed loop in the electoral system, the elected Assembly of Experts elects the Supreme Leader, so in theory he is elected indirectly by popular vote, but in practice the system does not satisfy the criteria for a free election since the Supreme Leader appoints the members of the Guardian Council who in turn vet the candidates for all elections including the elections for Assembly of Experts. Governments in the Middle East have started using platforms such as Twitter as amplifiers, using both automated bot accounts and well-known social media influencers to … Has announced that some limited elections for the legislature will be held some time in the future. 8 0 obj Learn. Some countries are less developed than others in the region. endobj There are a number of pro-democracy movements in the Middle East. "Authoritarianism in the Middle East: regimes and resistance". https://www.typesof.com/types-of-government-in-the-middle-east S���ۮm�%�&�_p��SnT4�a*D�04AQg`��U~k��/ V.�M��׈6b/�!���p䯵�)L֚�R�.��'�@���@ This quiz is incomplete! 22 0 obj Emirate: A political territory is ruled by a dynastic Islamic monarch-style emir. Solo Practice. The prevailing system of government in the Middle Ages was feudalism. Print; Share; Edit; Delete; Host a game. endstream stream 6 0 obj Prior to the mass immigration of Israeli citizens to the region and the two-state solution there was no formal government or authority in the land known as Palestine. Amin Saikal and Albrecht Schnabel. Southwest Asian countries have thrived on producing exports to other countries. Min-Hua Huang, "Islam and Democracy: A Global Perspective. Nouri or Nuri al Maliki is Iraq’s prime minister and the leader of … Yasser Arafat served as chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization from 1969 to 2004 and is considered one of the most influential Palestinian leaders. Edit. This combined with the view that he is the representative of God held by some religious groups, being the head of the security and armed forces, and controlling the official state media (the radio and television are restricted to state radio and television) makes him immune from any kind of criticism and unchallengeable. An analysis on the level of constitution around the world is conducted every year by Freedom House. 15 0 obj Write. %���� stream Arab Socialism has also fostered secularism, though sometimes in what has been seen as a less democratic context. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for allies in the region and the U.S. has been accused of supporting dictatorships contrary to its stated democratic principles. Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also a prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power. x�u��v�@��J�!tB�!��Bwo�m�Mͽ�B���Y)���3Eڝ�����_i۳�a�ل�T�5,�l�bs�l�dSi��c6��C��B:��НL����6i�h�$ �7�����&V�5�v����;(A�m��*�B� �fSo4@k4r�:d��2���M�n'�8q��mG��"��j�ߵ�/�VV�?�R�^�|�r��\�J��J��4?���yf��0N�Ex_,� endobj Efforts of those regimes to secure their access to power would generate insecurity to the citizens of the state. The level of democratic process varies widely from country to country. <> Countries that are occasionally classified as partly democratic are Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The level of democracy in nations throughout the world published by Freedom House, a U.S.-based, U.S. government-funded advocacy organization, and in various other freedom indices, report the Middle Eastern and North Africa… Arab Spring, wave of pro-democracy protests and uprisings that took place in the Middle East and North Africa beginning in 2010 and 2011, challenging some of the region’s entrenched authoritarian regimes. Secularism is not the same as freedom of religion, and secular governments have at times denied the rights of Islamists and other religious parties. Whatever The West Decides", "Is Democracy in the Middle East a Pipedream? Flashcards. Saudi Arabia - an absolute monarchy with the king (currently King Abdullah) as the leader of the nation. 1 0 obj Polls in 2011 and 2012[32][33][34] in Iran by a number of respected Western polling organizations showed that a considerable majority of Iranians supported the system, including the religious institutions, and trusted the system's handling of elections (including the disputed presidential elections in 2009). [16] Drawing upon the ideas of Middle East scholar Nicola Pratt it can be argued that: …the outcome of democratization efforts is [in reality]…contingent upon the degree to which actors' chosen strategies contribute to either reproducing or challenging the relations of power between civil society and the state. Lebanon also is a secular state. "Revisionist theories" argue that democracy is slightly incompatible with Middle Eastern values. '�� In order to identify the role of the citizen, students will refer back to their previous unit on governance and determine what role the citizen plays in the government. [41] As a result, a trend of a more liberal secularism supporting broader freedom of religion has developed recently in Turkey, while some Arab Socialist states have moved away from secularism to some extent, increasingly embracing religion, though many say without really increasing the rights of religious parties. Key Concepts: Terms in this set (16) What type of government does Israel have? ", Schnabel, Albrecht. This loop limits the possible candidates to those agreeing with the views held by Supreme Leader and he has the final say over all important issues. Print; Share; Edit; Delete ; Host a game. ���Y�\!`"i�=��ӈXr>TN,��F�9Ո7������ՠ��(U���p�P(n�uC�z~��(&�)z꠶�_Y��;�}����Y�D`(���cF��¨�#�HN��W�`����['���$�B�U���?�o��9j The uprising in Syria led to full-scale civil war. <> Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want! Delete Quiz. Economic Systems of the Middle East There are many different types of economic systems in Southwest Asia. Many countries have mixed economies with different levels of government control. Many other countries in the region are also calling for democracy and freedom, including: Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Djibouti, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Oman, Yemen, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Turkey. "[25] In addition, Fawcett argues that "Constitutional democracy is viewed not only as an intrinsic good by the putative globalisers who drafted this Report; it is also an instrumental necessity if the region is to stop stagnating and begin to catch up with the rest of the world."[26]. 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Conflict involvement has a direct influence on the level of democratic process varies from. Is chosen by the Assembly of Experts, not the Middle East as a less democratic context and. In 2015, Tunisia became the preeminent leader in Iran, and Iraq the Middle East has modernized achieving.

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