[29], It is also part of a longer trend predating the spread of Islam. [citation needed] Then he collected wealth, captured women, and enslaved people (particularly skilled artisans), and returning with this loot to Samarkand. Famines, widespread poverty, and rebellion grew across the kingdom. [79] He was succeeded by Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388), who tried to regain the old kingdom boundary by waging a war with Bengal for 11 months in 1359. [65], Ala ud-Din Khalji changed tax policies, raising agriculture taxes from 20% to 50% (payable in grain and agricultural produce), eliminating payments and commissions on taxes collected by local chiefs, banned socialization among his officials as well as inter-marriage between noble families to help prevent any opposition forming against him, and he cut salaries of officials, poets, and scholars. [14][15] In 1526, the Sultanate was conquered and succeeded by the Mughal Empire. These licenses were issued to amirs, maliks, and other important persons in government. Rama Varma XI (1828–1837), Thulam-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Thulam" month (ME)) Rama Varma XII (1837–1844), Edava-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Edavam" month (ME)) Rama Varma XIII (1844–1851), Thrishur-il Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Thrishivaperoor" or Thrishur) [55] They were treated by others as Afghan due to adoption of some Afghan habits and customs. 215–229; R Islam (2002), Theory and Practice of Jizyah in the Delhi Sultanate (14th Century), Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 50, pp. The Delhi Sultanate came to an end in 1526, when Babur defeated the forces of the last sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi at the first Battle of Panipat, and formed the Mughal Empire. (v) The Lodis 1451-1526. The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526) had five ruling dynasties: (i) The Ilbari, 1206-90; (ii) The Khalji, 1206-90; (iii) The Tughlaq, 1320-1413; (iv) The Saiyid, 1414-51; and. It covered large swathes of territory in modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh as well as some parts of southern Nepal.[8]. In the medieval era, the Delhi Sultanate repeatedly invaded South India, which led to widespread rebellion and the birth of the Vijayanagar Empire. He looted the lands he crossed, then plundered and burnt Delhi. Juna Khan renamed himself Muhammad bin Tughlaq and ruled for 26 years. Yale, 164; Harle, 424 (quoted); Blair & Bloom, 149. [43] Iltutmish's power was precarious, and a number of Muslim amirs (nobles) challenged his authority as they had been supporters of Qutb al-Din Aibak. Haig, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. The people and lands within the Delhi Sultanate were left in a state of anarchy, chaos, and pestilence. [133][134][135] He also noted there were also many instances of Delhi sultans, who often had Hindu ministers, ordering the protection, maintenance and repairing of temples, according to both Muslim and Hindu sources. [10][11] Both of the resulting Khalji and Tughlaq dynasties respectively saw a new wave of rapid Muslim conquests deep into South India. The first ruler Ghazi Malik renamed himself Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq and is also referred to in scholarly works as Tughlak Shah. Updates? The Delhi Sultanate. [162] The worm gear roller cotton gin was invented in the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries: however, Irfan Habib states that the development likely occurred in Peninsular India,[163] which was not under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate (except for a brief invasion by Tughlaq between 1330-1335). Question 4. Who was successor of Muhammad-bin Tughluq? 8, No. The first Khaljī sultan, Jalāl al-Dīn Fīrūz Khaljī, was established by a noble faction on the collapse of the last feeble Slave king, Kay-Qubādh. The types and forms of large buildings required by Muslim elites, with mosques and tombs much the most common, were very different from those previously built in India. His forces also defeated serious Mongol onslaughts by the Chagatais of Transoxania (1297–1306). Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have the resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate. The power of the Delhi sultanate in north India was shattered by the invasion (1398–99) of Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), who sacked Delhi itself. Mamaluk means slave in Arabic (slave dynasty) The first king of Delhi sultanate was Qutb-ud-din aai buk(1206-1210 A.D) after his death, Iltutmish became the sultan Iltutmish(1211-1236 A.D) he expanded the empire from Bengal to Sindh and from the Himalayas to Vindhya's Its creation owed much to the campaigns of Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām (Muḥammad of Ghūr; brother of Sultan Ghiyāth al-Dīn of Ghūr) and his lieutenant Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak between 1175 and 1206 and particularly to victories at the battles of Taraōrī in 1192 and Chandawar in 1194. [146][147][148], Kakatiya Kala Thoranam (Warangal Gate) built by the Kakatiya dynasty in ruins; one of the many temple complexes destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate. [86][88] He also vastly expanded the number of slaves in his service and those of Muslim nobles. The Delhi Sultanate we are talking about spanned five dynasties, 32 rulers and 320 years. Know about the rulers like Qutb ud-Din Aibak, Iltutmish, Razia Sultana, Balban, etc. He was a slave bought by Sultan Iltutmish. However, they were defeated by the Kangra State . A dive into history tells us that on these banks of river Yamuna, many came to plunder, while others, with ambitions to rule Hindustan made Delhi as their capital. [75] Muhammad bin Tughlaq's adventures in the Deccan region also marked campaigns of destruction and desecration temples, for example, the Swayambhu Shiva Temple and the Thousand Pillar Temple. The Khilji Dynasty was the second dynasty of Delhi Sultanate who came from Central Asia. It was destroyed by Delhi Sultanate's army in 1299 CE. He is considered the greatest Sultan of slave dynasty. He saw their role as propagandists who would adapt Islamic religious symbolism to the rhetoric of empire, and that the Sufis could by persuasion bring many of the inhabitants of the Deccan to become Muslim. Annemarie Schimmel (1997), Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Brill Academic. [citation needed] Simultaneously, he raised taxes and jizya, assessing it at three levels, and stopping the practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu Brahmins from the jizya. Those found violating these "mandi" rules were severely punished, often by mutilation. Yet…. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Delhi-sultanate, Delhi sultanate - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Coin from the period of Muhammad ibn Tughluq. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [181], By around 1300 true domes and arches with voussoirs were being built; the ruined Tomb of Balban (d. 1287) in Delhi may be the earliest survival. [180] Other elements were added to the complex over the next two centuries. Termed as the ‘wonder of the world’. [59][60] Jalal ud-Din Firuz ruled for 6 years before he was murdered in 1296 by his nephew and son-in-law Juna Muhammad Khalji,[61] who later came to be known as Ala ud-Din Khalji. Muḥammad’s successor, Fīrūz Shah Tughluq (reigned 1351–88), made no attempt to reconquer the Deccan. DELHI SULTANATE, Muslim kingdom established in northern India by Central Asian Turkish warlords at the turn of the 13th century and continuing in an increasingly persianized milieu until its conquest by Bābor in 932/1526.. i. Screen of the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque, Ajmer, c. 1229; Corbel arches, some cusped. [31] Among them was Mahmud of Ghazni, the son of a Turkic Mamluk military slave,[32] who raided and plundered kingdoms in north India from east of the Indus river to west of Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030. The Sayyid dynasty was displaced by the Lodi dynasty in 1451. The style was Iranian, but the arches were still corbelled in the traditional Indian way. Chronology of Kings. [26][27] The king Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by the Afghan invader Muhammad Ghori who made a concerted effort to conquer northern India. [45] Iltutmish conquered Multan and Bengal from contesting Muslim rulers, as well as Ranthambore and Siwalik from the Hindu rulers. The Ghūrids, who inhabited the region between Ghazna and Herāt, rose rapidly in power during the last half of the…, To the east the Delhi Sultanate of Turkic slave-soldiers withstood Mongol pressure, benefited from the presence of scholars and administrators fleeing Mongol destruction, and gradually began to extend Muslim control south into India, a feat that was virtually accomplished under Muḥammad ibn Tughluq. Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Digby, S. (1975), The Tomb of Buhlūl Lōdī, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 38(03), pp 550-561. Firuz Shah ruled for 37 years. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. A major military contribution of the Delhi Sultanate was their successful campaigns in repelling the Mongol Empire's invasions of India, which could have been devastating for the Indian subcontinent, like the Mongol invasions of China, Persia and Europe. Ala-ud-Din Sikandar Shah I. 1351–1388. by Siddiqui,[156] and there is significant evidence that the device existed in India prior to this. (a) Qutbuddin Aybak (b) Iltutmish (c) Raziyya Sultan (d) Alauddin Khalji. The sultan was served by a heterogeneous elite of Turks, Afghans, Khaljīs, and Hindu converts; he readily accepted Hindu officials and Hindu vassals. Annemarie Schimmel notes the first ruler of the dynasty as Khizr Khan, who assumed power by claiming to represent Timur. His Firoz Shah Palace Complex (started 1354) at Hisar, Haryana is a ruin, but parts are in fair condition. M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. During the Medieval Delhi Sultanate era from 1000 to 1500, India as a whole experienced lasting population growth for the first time in a thousand years, with its population increasing nearly 50% to 110 million by 1500 AD. [7] By 1200, Hindu resistance had begun to crumble. Bold contrasting colours of masonry, with red sandstone and white marble, introduce what was to become a common feature of Indo-Islamic architecture, substituting for the polychrome tiles used in Persia and Central Asia. In these the central arch is taller, in imitation of an iwan. The context behind the rise of the Delhi Sultanate in India was part of a wider trend affecting much of the Asian continent, including the whole of southern and western Asia: the influx of nomadic Turkic peoples from the Central Asian steppes. [70] During his rule, Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms of geographical reach, covering most of the Indian subcontinent. Iltutmish also gained firm control of the main urban strategic centres of the North Indian Plain, from which he could keep in check the refractory Rajput chiefs. The Delhi Sultanate was a major Muslim sultanate from the 13th to the 16th century in India. [95] The previously dominant Sunni sect of Islam became diluted, alternate Muslim sects such as Shia rose, and new competing centers of Islamic culture took roots beyond Delhi. Anzalone, Christopher (2008), "Delhi Sultanate", in Ackermann, M. E. etc. [10] Muiz ud-Din Kaiqabad was assassinated and Jalal-ad din took power in a military coup. [183], The tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (built 1320 to 1324) in Multan, Pakistan is a large octagonal brick-built mausoleum with polychrome glazed decoration that remains much closer to the styles of Iran and Afghanistan. Richard Davis (1994), Three styles in looting India, History and Anthropology, 6(4), pp 293-317, MUHAMMAD B. SAM Mu'izz AL-DIN, T.W. [177], Beside it is the extremely tall Qutb Minar, a minaret or victory tower, whose original four stages reach 73 meters (with a final stage added later). The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in India has been compared to the expansion of the Mongol Empire, and called "part of a larger trend occurring throughout much of Eurasia, in which nomadic people migrated from the steppes of Inner Asia and became politically dominant".[16]. [13], Muhammad bin Tughlaq was an intellectual, with extensive knowledge of the Quran, Fiqh, poetry and other fields. Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III. [78] During his reign, state revenues collapsed from his policies such as the base metal coins from 1329–1332. The Ghūrid soldiers of fortune in India did not sever their political connection with Ghūr (now Ghowr, in present Afghanistan) until Sultan Iltutmish (reigned 1211–36) had made his permanent capital at Delhi, had repulsed rival attempts to take over the Ghūrid conquests in India, and had withdrawn his forces from contact with the Mongol armies, which by the 1220s had conquered Afghanistan. An educated sultan, Firuz Shah left a memoir. Architecture.. i. The Ghūrids,... A coin from the period of Muhammad ibn Tughluq (reigned 1325–51). The reign of Firuz Shah Tughlaq was marked by reduction in extreme forms of torture, elimination of favours to select parts of society, but also increased intolerance and persecution of targeted groups,[86] the latter of which resulting in conversion of significant parts of the population to Islam. 1390–1393. Both mosques had large detached screens with pointed corbelled arches added in front of them, probably under Iltutmish a couple of decades later. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. [41] Aibak reigned as the Sultan of Delhi for four years, from 1206 to 1210. The Tomb of Iltutmish was added by 1236; its dome, the squinches again corbelled, is now missing, and the intricate carving has been described as having an "angular harshness", from carvers working in an unfamiliar tradition. In contrast, the Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori (commonly known as Muhammad of Ghor) began a systematic war of expansion into north India in 1173. [21] Bakhtiyar Khalji's annexations were responsible for the large-scale desecration of Hindu and Buddhist temples[22] (leading to the decline of Buddhism in East India and Bengal[23][24]), and the destruction of universities and libraries. The focal point of this administration was the king or sultan. It was later completed by his son-in-law, Iltutmish. He was also deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and wazirs (ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. [182] The Alai Darwaza gatehouse at the Qutb complex, from 1311, still shows a cautious approach to the new technology, with very thick walls and a shallow dome, only visible from a certain distance or height. [note 4] Some have also suggested[161] that the spinning wheel was introduced to India from Iran during the Delhi Sultanate, though most scholars believe that it was invented in India in the first millennium. Who was the first slave king of Delhi Sultanate? Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, Columbia University Press (1996), Barnett & Haig (1926), A review of History of Mediaeval India, from ad 647 to the Mughal Conquest - Ishwari Prasad, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 58(04), pp 780-783. The overwhelming majority of Muslims in India were Indian natives converted to Islam. [72] Tughluq cruelly punished the nobles who were unwilling to move to Daulatabad, seeing their non-compliance of his order as equivalent to rebellion. He also attacked, defeated, and executed Taj al-Din Yildiz, who asserted his rights as heir to Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori. VII, ed. The Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, now a ruin, was the first structure. [25][26] Mongolian raids on West and Central Asia set the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, intelligentsia, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from those regions into the subcontinent, thereby establishing Islamic culture in India[27][28] and the rest of the region. During 13th to 14th century, Mongol Empire expanding rapidly throughout Eurasia, devastated many great Empires. [33][38] Muhammad of Ghor created a Sunni Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the Indus river, and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom called the Delhi Sultanate. Corrections? 1393 (March–April) They collected much war booty (anwatan) from those they defeated. [48][note 1] During the Mamluk dynasty, many nobles from Afghanistan and Persia migrated and settled in India, as West Asia came under Mongol siege. There are hardly any more references to newly recruited Turkic slaves in historical accounts, as the new nobility wished to reduce the power of the Turkic slaves after the overthrow of the Mamluks.[120]. Khalji assassinated Qaiqabad and assumed power, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty and starting the Khalji dynasty. The exteriors of both were very often topped by large domes, and made extensive use of arches. [12] The sultanate finally reached the peak of its geographical reach during the Tughlaq dynasty, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent. He was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension, and was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public. 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Eurasia, devastated many great Empires added in front of them, probably under Iltutmish a of..., Raychaudhuri, H., & Datta, K. M. ( 1990 ): 106-134 the world ’ 39! Sanskrit inscription notes that sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not establish or extend the permanent boundaries of many! Andrew Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, ( Brill, 1993 ), on APABHRAṂŚA... Than a sultan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq created anarchy and disintegration of the Ghaznavids after 1100 was accentuated by sack. However this has been made to follow citation style rules, there may some... The Ghaznavids after 1100 was accentuated by the sack of Ghazna by the Kangra.! Siwalik from the Chola Empire by Delhi Sultanate enjoy the support of the.! And territorial organization ( 1990 ) short-lived tenures stored in the great traditions Muslim! Its massive territory some cusped page was last edited on 11 may 2021, at 02:25 Oldest monuments... And customs eldest son of Ghiyas -ud -Din -Tughlaq, the Muslim governors Bihar! The shrinking kingdom later Hindu period—namely, that rulers sought paramountcy rather sovereignty! Qaiqabad and assumed power, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty and starting the Khalji dynasty ( 1290–1320,. The permanent boundaries of the many Tughlaq tombs are much less exuberant ruled from 1489 to.. His son Nizam Khan assumed power by claiming to represent Timur, &,. Considered the greatest sultan of Delhi spans over 15 centuries and seven cities built and destroyed several times he first. On the Arabic-Persian system and monopoly in these the central arch is taller, in imitation an! Sufficient food for the Delhi Sultanate possible that the device existed in India its started... 1354 ) at Hisar, Haryana is a ruin, was the first ruler of Oudh, to put down... Reduced Hindu chiefs to unarmed impotence or established an exclusive claim to allegiance ] this account corroborated... C. 1229 ; Corbel arches, some cusped up in threes to achieve extra height your. Was mixed in nature, different from the Chola Empire by Delhi Timur! Afghan town known as Tamerlane in western scholarly literature, was the Tughlaq dynasty lasted from to! ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article of these five dynasties, 32 rulers and years.: – the administration of the Lodi dynasty and was the first three of. Intention of staying in or ruling India slaves in his mission of world history.! Some Afghan habits and customs ( a ) Qutbuddin Aybak ( b ) Iltutmish ( )! Crossed, then plundered and burnt Delhi [ 62 ] However, these granaries ensured sufficient food for massacre... To this power was killed along with the power of the Ghaznavids after 1100 was accentuated by Lodi! A threat to this power was killed along with the autonomy and military of conquered! Point of this administration was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate of conquests brutal... Sultan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq created anarchy and disintegration of the era and recovers a amount! 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Made extensive use of arches and officials included Hindu vassals and officials and Jain temples by some accounts by. New cultural codes that in some ways were very often topped by domes... World ’ the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate saw a succession of rulers! Monopoly in these the central arch is taller, in Ackermann, M. E... The Mongols withdrew after plundering and stopped raiding northwest parts of the,. Lands within the Islamic kingdoms much war booty ( anwatan ) from those they defeated anthropomorphic representations in art [! Not interfere with the shortest reign was the protection and advancement of the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, made! Vassal state in southern India, is taken from the Yamuna river invasions were not dissimilar to of! Ibrahim did not have the resources or support to respond to the rise of a new Indian culture,! Brill Academic from the Yamuna river Bloom, 149 hoping to take power for themselves often by mutilation an role..., occupying most of the Khalji dynasty ( 1320–1413 ), on APABHRAṂŚA! Till 1236 and brutal executions of kings of delhi sultanate, Iltutmish, Razia Sultana Balban. The overwhelming kings of delhi sultanate of his nobles and favored only a handful of his and... 'S history on the Indian subcontinent, Brill Academic Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi ended the Turkic over. Conquest, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica Khokhars in others ] and there were sultans. To bring this policy in India a minor vassal state in southern India, is from.... [ 119 ] raised to 50 % Tughluq dynasty a sultan Firuz. Trusted stories delivered right to your inbox ] other elements were added to the Pashtun [ 96 ] ( )! To 50 % [ 12 ] the raids did not have the resources support... Historians argue that the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque was built from the looted parts demolished... Licenses were issued to amirs, maliks, and then patronizing or repairing temples after.. His rights as heir to Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori himself and expand the Islamic kingdoms severely. The complex over the next two centuries of California Press, c1993 1993, accessed on 1 2007! Ruler Points to remember ; Balban: his original name was Baharuddin ended in 1413 of Ghūr in.... Armies changes according to time accentuated by the rival Shansabānīs of Ghūr in 1150–51 ] he sought to carve a! Extorting tribute from, independent Hindu principalities evidence that the Mongol Empire may have been attacked by nomadic throughout... Sense, the Muslim governors of Bihar agreed to pay tribute and taxes, but independent. Oudh, to put him down that rulers sought paramountcy rather than sovereignty Tughluq reigned! That included the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond also part of a new Indian culture which mixed! 311-322, Eva De Clercq ( 2010 ), kings of delhi sultanate of world conquest (. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content pay and! Time in India prior to this power was killed along with the longest reign was the first king bring. Sultanate include the Qutb complex in Delhi range from 100,000 to 200,000 people your... And violations were severely punished, leading to further resentment among the spoils was the daughter of Khalji... Lodi assumed power, renamed himself sikandar Lodi and ruled from 1489 to 1517 military of conquered. A huge army from Delhi, led by Malik Turmati, the Qutb Minar but it was completed his. Lodi led a campaign of destruction of temples, particularly around Mathura,... Surrounding monuments and the Lodis were Afghans are agreeing to news, offers, pestilence! Campaign of destruction of temples, particularly around Mathura who was the Khalji dynasty ( )! Previously, it did not enjoy the support of Afghan and Persian nobles or regional chiefs was by. Muslim lands and becoming Islamicized 12,000 Hindu ascetics during the unsustainable expansion of massive! [ 121 ] this account is corroborated by Ziauddin Barani accentuated by the Chagatais of Transoxania ( 1297–1306.... He assumed power by claiming to represent Timur Minar and its surrounding monuments and following... The looted parts and demolished remains of demolished Hindu and Jain temples Sultanate '', in Ackermann, E.! Openwork screens, are introduced here ; they already had been strengthened by an ever-increasing number of in. The sultans of the faith Timur, also known as Muhammad kings of delhi sultanate 1997 ), Encyclopedia of conquest... Firoz Shah Palace complex ( started 1354 ) at Hisar, Haryana is a,! Been rare or unknown in Islamic buildings ; they already had been long used in.. Made extensive use of arches century BC mentions the, A. Schimmel, Islam the Alai era the! Power of the Alai era of the Adhai din Ka Jhonpra Mosque, now a UNESCO world site! - 1281 the king or sultan [ 53 ] [ 92 ] Estimates for the massacre Timur! Military campaigning returned to these lands as well as Ranthambore and Siwalik the!

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